At Northern Heart Hospital, our commitment to holistic health extends beyond the heart to encompass the unique needs of patients managing chronic conditions such as diabetes. Among the many complications of diabetes, diabetic foot is one of the most concerning yet preventable conditions. Let’s explore what diabetic foot is, why it happens, how it can be prevented, and how Northern Heart Hospital’s expert team is equipped to provide exceptional care.
What is Diabetic Foot?
Diabetic foot refers to a range of complications affecting the feet, often resulting from prolonged high blood sugar levels. These complications can include infections, ulcers, and, in severe cases, gangrene, which may lead to amputation if untreated. The condition develops due to two primary diabetes-related issues:
- Peripheral Neuropathy: This nerve damage causes loss of sensation in the feet, making it difficult to detect injuries or pressure sores.
- Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD): Reduced blood flow to the feet impairs healing and increases the risk of infections.
These conditions create a dangerous cycle, as unnoticed injuries may worsen due to poor healing capacity, leading to severe complications. Furthermore, the psychological impact of diabetic foot, such as anxiety over amputation or long-term disability, cannot be overlooked and often requires specialised care.
Why Does Diabetic Foot Occur?
Diabetes affects multiple systems in the body, increasing vulnerability to foot problems. Key contributing factors include:
- High Blood Sugar Levels
Chronic high blood sugar (hyperglycaemia) damages blood vessels and nerves, particularly in the feet. Poor circulation impairs healing and increases the risk of complications like neuropathy (nerve damage). Reduced blood flow means tissues in the feet receive less oxygen and nutrients, slowing recovery from injuries and increasing susceptibility to infections. - Foot Deformities
Diabetes can cause structural changes in the feet due to nerve damage and poor circulation. Conditions like bunions, hammertoes, and flat feet develop over time, increasing pressure on certain areas. This can lead to painful calluses, blisters, and ulcers, affecting mobility and making it harder to wear comfortable shoes. - Infections
High blood sugar weakens the immune system, making the body less effective at fighting infections. With poor circulation, the feet are more vulnerable to bacterial and fungal infections, which can progress to severe conditions like cellulitis or abscesses if untreated. - Unnoticed Injuries
Nerve damage caused by diabetes leads to loss of sensation in the feet. As a result, minor injuries like cuts or blisters may go unnoticed, allowing them to worsen. Without pain as a warning, these injuries can become more serious, leading to infections or ulcers that require medical attention. - Lifestyle Factors
Lifestyle choices, such as smoking, poor diet, and lack of physical activity, can worsen the effects of diabetes on the feet. Smoking reduces circulation, while poor diet and inactivity contribute to uncontrolled blood sugar levels. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle is essential to manage diabetes and reduce foot complications.
Understanding the interconnectedness of these factors highlights the importance of comprehensive care in preventing diabetic foot complications.
Signs and Symptoms to Watch For
Early detection is crucial in managing diabetic foot. Patients should look out for the following signs:
- Persistent swelling or redness
Swelling or redness in the feet and lower legs can be a sign of poor circulation or an infection. In diabetes, reduced blood flow and nerve damage can cause fluid to build up, leading to swelling, which may become persistent if not managed. Redness, particularly if accompanied by warmth, could indicate an inflammatory response or infection. These symptoms should not be ignored, as they can worsen if left untreated.
⦁ Pain in the legs or feet
Pain in the legs or feet can stem from various complications of diabetes, such as nerve damage (neuropathy) or poor circulation. Neuropathy can cause sharp, burning, or tingling sensations, while poor blood flow can lead to aching, cramping, or a feeling of heaviness. Uncontrolled blood sugar levels can also exacerbate these symptoms, making it harder to manage the condition. Persistent pain is a clear sign that medical attention may be necessary to prevent further damage.
⦁ Open sores, wounds, or ulcers that do not heal
People with diabetes are at an increased risk of developing open sores or ulcers on their feet, especially due to poor circulation and neuropathy. These wounds may be slow to heal due to reduced blood flow, which prevents the delivery of essential nutrients and oxygen. If the sores do not heal within a reasonable time frame, it could indicate an underlying infection or more serious issues that require immediate medical attention to avoid complications like gangrene.
⦁ Foul-smelling discharge from wounds
A foul-smelling discharge from a wound is often a sign of infection. In individuals with diabetes, infections can develop quickly and spread due to weakened immune responses, poor circulation, and the inability to feel pain from injuries. If the wound begins to emit a foul odour, it may indicate that bacteria have infected the area, and prompt treatment with antibiotics or other interventions is required to prevent the infection from worsening.
⦁ Blackened tissue (a sign of gangrene)
The presence of blackened or discoloured tissue in a wound is a serious warning sign of gangrene, which is tissue death caused by a lack of blood flow. In people with diabetes, poor circulation and infections can lead to this condition, which often requires surgical intervention to remove the affected tissue. Gangrene can be life-threatening if left untreated, as it can lead to sepsis, so it’s essential to seek immediate medical attention if this occurs.
⦁ Loss of sensation or tingling in the feet
A common symptom of diabetic neuropathy, the loss of sensation in the feet makes it difficult to detect injuries or infections. In addition to numbness, tingling or a “pins and needles” sensation can also occur, indicating nerve damage. Over time, this can lead to a lack of awareness of foot problems, which can worsen and lead to more serious complications. Regular foot checks are essential for people with diabetes to prevent unnoticed injuries or infections from becoming severe.
Additionally, patients should be vigilant about subtle changes in foot temperature or colour, which may indicate compromised blood flow. Recognising these signs early can make the difference between a minor intervention and a major surgical procedure.
Prevention: Steps Towards Healthy Feet
Preventing diabetic foot starts with proactive self-care and medical management. Here’s how patients can reduce their risk:
- Daily foot inspections: Check for cuts, blisters, redness, or swelling. Use a mirror or ask for assistance to view the soles.
- Proper footwear: Use well-fitted, cushioned shoes to prevent pressure points and injuries. Avoid walking barefoot, even indoors.
- Moisturising: Prevent dry skin and cracks with regular application of a diabetes-friendly moisturiser, avoiding areas between the toes to prevent fungal infections.
- Blood sugar management: Maintain target glucose levels to minimise nerve and vascular damage.
- Routine medical checkups: Regular visits to a podiatrist or diabetes specialist can identify and address issues early.
- Toenail care: Trim toenails carefully to avoid ingrown nails, which can lead to infections.
- Healthy lifestyle choices: Engage in activities like walking, swimming, or cycling to improve circulation. Avoid smoking, as it narrows blood vessels and impairs healing.
- Protective gear: For those with neuropathy, specially designed insoles and socks can provide extra protection against injuries and pressure points.
By incorporating these steps into daily routines, individuals can significantly lower their risk of developing diabetic foot complications. Small changes, such as ensuring footwear is appropriate for physical activities or using padded socks, can also make a significant impact over time.
The Journey of Care: Before, During, and After
Managing diabetic foot involves a structured approach to ensure effective treatment and recovery. At Northern Heart Hospital, we prioritise patient-centred care through every stage.
Before Treatment
- Comprehensive assessments: Patients undergo detailed evaluations, including blood sugar testing, vascular assessments, and imaging when necessary.
- Education and counselling: Our specialists provide tailored advice on foot care, lifestyle adjustments, and dietary management.
- Risk stratification: Identifying patients at high risk of complications allows for personalised monitoring and preventive interventions.
- Psychological preparation: Addressing anxiety and providing mental health support ensures patients are fully prepared for treatment.
During Treatment - Wound care and debridement: Our team ensures thorough cleaning and removal of dead tissue to promote healing.
- Advanced therapies: Northern Heart Hospital offers cutting-edge treatments, including:
- Biologic dressings: Promote tissue regeneration using advanced materials.
- Skin grafting: For extensive wounds, grafting procedures restore skin integrity.
- Infections management: Antibiotics and antifungal treatments are used to combat infections effectively.
- Surgical interventions: When necessary, our surgeons perform minimally invasive procedures to increase blood supply (angioplasty) and reconstructive procedures or amputations with precision and care to restore mobility and prevent further complications.
- Real-time monitoring: Patients benefit from continuous monitoring, ensuring treatments are adjusted promptly based on healing progress.
After Treatment
- Rehabilitation and monitoring: Follow-up care focuses on wound healing and prevention of recurrence. Customised rehabilitation plans support mobility and strength recovery.
- Preventive education: Post-treatment, our team equips patients with the knowledge and tools needed to prevent future complications, reinforcing the importance of self-care.
- Long-term follow-ups: Regular check-ins ensure that any new symptoms or concerns are addressed promptly, minimising the risk of recurring issues.
Why Choose Northern Heart Hospital for Diabetic Foot Care?
At Northern Heart Hospital, we combine expertise, innovation, and compassion to deliver superior diabetic foot care. Here’s how we stand out:
- Multidisciplinary team: our specialists in endocrinology, physiotherapy, and vascular surgery collaborate to provide integrated care.
- State-of-the-art facilities: equipped with advanced diagnostic and therapeutic tools, we ensure precise and effective treatments.
- Patient-centred approach: education and empowerment are central to our care philosophy, helping patients take charge of their health.
- Emergency response capability: in urgent cases, such as severe infections, our team is prepared to deliver timely interventions to prevent complications.
⦁ Continuous innovation: Northern Heart Hospital stays at the forefront of medical advancements, ensuring that patients benefit from the latest evidence-based practices. - Holistic support: from physical recovery to emotional well-being, our comprehensive services address all aspects of patient care.
- Community outreach: Northern Heart Hospital actively engages with the community through workshops and seminars, spreading awareness about diabetic foot prevention.
Your Path to Healthier Feet
Diabetic foot complications can be life-altering, but with the right care, they are highly manageable. At Northern Heart Hospital, we are dedicated to guiding patients every step of the way, from prevention to recovery. Our comprehensive services ensure that every patient’s unique needs are met with expertise and empathy.
f you or a loved one is living with diabetes, don’t wait for signs of complications. Take proactive steps to protect your feet and overall health. Contact Northern Heart Hospital today to schedule a consultation. Together, we can ensure your journey to healthier feet and a better quality of life.