At Northern Heart Hospital, we are dedicated to providing expert care and support for a wide range of cardiovascular conditions. One such condition is Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA). While the term may not be commonly used, understanding AAA is vital, as it can lead to serious consequences if left untreated. In this blog, we will walk you through what an AAA is, why it happens, the symptoms to watch out for, and how it can be detected, treated, and prevented. Importantly, we will also discuss how Northern Heart Hospital is equipped to address this condition with expert care.
What is an Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA)?
An Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm occurs when the aorta – the main artery that carries blood from your heart to the rest of your body – develops a bulge or ballooning in its abdominal section. The aorta is the largest blood vessel in the body, and an aneurysm causes it to weaken and expand.
The condition is serious because if the aneurysm grows too large, it can rupture, leading to significant internal bleeding, which can be fatal without immediate medical intervention. A ruptured AAA is one of the most common causes of death in men over the age of 65, highlighting the importance of early detection and proper treatment.
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Why Does Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Happen?
AAAs generally develop over time, and several factors contribute to their formation. The most common cause is the weakening of the aortic walls due to the gradual breakdown of elastin and collagen in the vessel’s structure. The following factors are linked to the development of an AAA:
- Atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries)
Atherosclerosis occurs when fatty deposits build up on the artery walls, causing them to become stiff and less elastic. This hardening of the arteries, especially in the aorta, increases the risk of aneurysms. As the aorta becomes less flexible, it is more vulnerable to bulging under pressure, which can lead to the formation of an aneurysm. The process of plaque buildup also contributes to high blood pressure, further weakening the aorta and increasing the likelihood of an AAA developing. - High Blood Pressure (hypertension)
Chronic high blood pressure places excessive strain on the aortic walls, making them more likely to weaken and form an aneurysm. The increased pressure from hypertension can cause damage to the inner layers of the aorta, leading to a loss of structural integrity. Over time, this can cause the aorta to bulge or enlarge, increasing the risk of rupture. Managing high blood pressure through lifestyle changes and medication is crucial for reducing the risk of an AAA. - Genetics
A family history of AAA increases the likelihood of developing the condition, suggesting a genetic predisposition. Inherited connective tissue disorders, such as Marfan syndrome, also raise the risk of developing aneurysms. If a close family member has had an AAA, it’s important to discuss screening with your healthcare provider, as early detection and monitoring can help manage the condition before it causes serious complications. - Age
Age is a major risk factor for AAA, with individuals over 65 being at the greatest risk. As we age, the aortic walls naturally lose elasticity, making them more vulnerable to damage. Older adults are also more likely to have other risk factors, such as high blood pressure or atherosclerosis, which further increase the risk of aneurysm formation. Regular screening is recommended for those over 65 to detect AAAs early and prevent rupture. - Smoking
Smoking accelerates the weakening of the aortic walls, significantly increasing the risk of developing an aneurysm. The chemicals in tobacco damage the blood vessels, reducing their ability to stretch and handle blood flow. Smokers are also at higher risk of rapid aneurysm growth, which can lead to rupture. Quitting smoking is one of the most effective ways to lower your risk of AAA and improve overall vascular health. - Gender
Men are more likely to develop an Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA) than women, particularly after the age of 65. However, women who develop an AAA tend to experience a rupture at a smaller size, which can be more dangerous. Despite the higher incidence in men, it’s important for women with risk factors to also undergo regular screening to ensure early detection and prevent complications from a rupture.
Understanding these risk factors can help you take proactive steps to reduce your risk of developing an Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle by quitting smoking, controlling blood pressure, adopting a balanced diet, and staying active are key strategies in preventing the condition. If you are over the age of 65 or have a family history of AAA, screening is essential for early detection and timely intervention.
What Are the Symptoms of AAA?
In the early stages, an Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm may not cause any symptoms, which is why it can go undetected for years. This is why regular screenings and check-ups are important, especially for individuals with risk factors.
As the aneurysm grows, some people may begin to experience:
- A pulsating feeling in the abdomen: a noticeable pulse in the abdomen may be felt, typically near the belly button, especially when lying down.
- Deep, throbbing pain in the abdomen or back: this pain is usually described as dull or ache-like and may occur when the aneurysm starts to enlarge.
- Sudden, severe pain: if the aneurysm ruptures, the pain may become sudden, severe, and sharp, often described as tearing or ripping.
- Nausea, sweating, or dizziness: these symptoms can indicate a rupture, and immediate medical attention is necessary.
However, many individuals with an AAA may experience no symptoms until a rupture occurs, which is why screening is so important for people at risk.
How Can Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm be Prevented?
While it may not always be possible to prevent the formation of an AAA, several measures can help reduce the risk:
- Quit smoking: Smoking is one of the major modifiable risk factors for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA). The chemicals in tobacco can damage the walls of blood vessels, leading to weakening and enlargement of the aorta. By quitting smoking, you significantly reduce your risk of developing AAA and other cardiovascular diseases. The positive effects of stopping smoking begin almost immediately, with your blood pressure and heart rate improving within days and the long-term risk of aortic damage decreasing over time.
- Control blood pressure: Maintaining a healthy blood pressure is crucial in reducing the strain on the aortic walls. High blood pressure can lead to the enlargement and potential rupture of the aorta, increasing the risk of AAA. By managing blood pressure through a combination of lifestyle changes, such as regular exercise, a healthy diet, and, if necessary, medication, you can help prevent the excessive stress placed on the aortic walls, reducing the likelihood of an aneurysm developing.
- Adopt a healthy diet: A healthy, balanced diet plays a key role in maintaining heart and vascular health. A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins helps lower cholesterol levels, reducing the risk of atherosclerosis, which can contribute to the formation of AAA. By focusing on nutrient-dense foods and avoiding excessive intake of saturated fats and processed foods, you can promote healthy blood vessels, lower cholesterol, and improve overall cardiovascular health.
- Exercise regularly: Regular physical activity is a cornerstone of good health, particularly for your cardiovascular system. Exercise helps to maintain healthy blood pressure, improve circulation, and strengthen the heart. Staying active can help control weight, reduce the risk of hypertension, and prevent the development of other conditions, such as diabetes, that can contribute to vascular problems. Engaging in at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise per week can significantly improve cardiovascular health and reduce the risk of AAA.
- Screening and regular check-ups: If you are over the age of 65, or have a family history of AAA or other risk factors, regular screenings and check-ups are vital. Early detection of AAA can significantly improve outcomes by allowing for timely intervention before the aneurysm becomes life-threatening. Screening is typically done through a simple ultrasound, which can identify an aneurysm before symptoms develop. Regular check-ups with your healthcare provider ensure that any changes in your health are monitored, providing a proactive approach to preventing serious complications.
The Process: Before, During, and After AAA Treatment
Before Treatment
If you are at risk for AAA, or if an aneurysm is suspected, your healthcare provider may recommend an ultrasound or CT scan to assess the size and location of the aneurysm. Regular screening can help detect an aneurysm before it causes symptoms. If the aneurysm is large enough to be a concern, further tests may be required to determine the most appropriate course of action.
During Treatment
Treatment for AAA depends on the size and symptoms of the aneurysm. If the aneurysm is small and asymptomatic, your doctor may recommend monitoring it regularly to ensure it doesn’t grow. However, if the aneurysm is large or growing rapidly, surgery may be necessary. There are two main types of surgery for AAA:
- Open Surgery: This procedure involves removing the weakened section of the aorta and replacing it with a synthetic graft. Open surgery is typically performed under general anaesthesia, and it requires a longer recovery period.
- Endovascular Aneurysm Repair (EVAR): This is a less invasive procedure where a small incision is made in the groin, and a stent graft is inserted to reinforce the weakened section of the aorta. EVAR generally requires a shorter hospital stay and recovery time compared to open surgery.
Both procedures aim to prevent the aneurysm from rupturing, and your doctor will work with you to decide on the best treatment based on your specific condition.
After Treatment
Recovery after AAA treatment largely depends on the type of surgery you had. If you underwent open surgery, you can expect a longer hospital stay and a more gradual recovery. You may need to avoid heavy physical activity for several months, but over time, you should regain strength.
For those who undergo EVAR, the recovery time is typically shorter. Your doctor will guide you through the necessary steps for a smooth recovery, including gradually returning to normal activities and attending follow-up appointments to monitor the success of the procedure.
You will also be closely monitored for any potential complications, such as infection, blood clots, or issues with the graft. These complications are rare, but they can be serious if not addressed promptly.
Northern Heart Hospital: Leading the Way in AAA Care
At Northern Heart Hospital, we are fully equipped to address Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms with the latest diagnostic tools, treatment options, and surgical expertise. Our team of specialists, including vascular surgeon, cardiologists, nephrologist, and anaesthetist, work collaboratively to provide a comprehensive treatment plan tailored to each patient’s individual needs.
We offer state-of-the-art ultrasound and CT imaging services to accurately assess the size and location of any aneurysms. With access to advanced procedures like Endovascular Aneurysm Repair (EVAR) and traditional open surgery, we can offer the most appropriate and effective treatment options available.
We are equipped with hybrid operating theatre suite, which is the only one in Northern Malaysia. This enables our team to perform endovascular repairs even for highly complex AAAs.
Our patients benefit from a multidisciplinary approach, ensuring that every stage of the process – from diagnosis to post-operative care – is managed with the highest level of expertise. We are also committed to providing a supportive environment where you can ask questions, express concerns, and feel confident that you’re receiving world-class care.
If you are over 65 or have risk factors for AAA, we encourage you to speak to your doctor about screening. If you have already been diagnosed with AAA or have concerns, our team at Northern Heart Hospital is here to assist you. We are committed to keeping you informed, empowered, and in good health.
Contact Northern Heart Hospital
At Northern Heart Hospital, we take pride in providing cutting-edge care and expertise in the management of AAA. Whether you need a simple screening or advanced surgical intervention, we are here to guide you through every step of your journey towards recovery.
For more information or to book an appointment, visit our website or contact our team. Our specialists are here to answer your questions and help you understand your treatment options. Your health and safety are our top priorities.