At Northern Heart Hospital, we are dedicated to delivering expert care for a variety of heart conditions, including Valvular Heart Disease (VHD). This condition affects the proper functioning of the heart’s valves and can lead to serious complications if left untreated. We aim to provide you with an in-depth understanding of valvular heart disease, its causes, symptoms, prevention strategies, and the diagnostic and treatment options available. Begin your journey towards cardiac care with world-class services and facilities at the Northern Heart Hospital!
What is Valvular Heart Disease?
The heart has four valves—the mitral, aortic, tricuspid, and pulmonary valves—that regulate blood flow through the heart and ensure it moves in the correct direction. These valves function as one-way doors, opening and closing in a coordinated manner to allow blood to move efficiently through the heart and into the rest of the body. Valvular Heart Disease occurs when one or more of these valves become damaged or dysfunctional. This can result in:
- Stenosis: A narrowing of the valve, restricting blood flow. This causes the heart to work harder to pump blood through the narrowed opening, potentially leading to heart failure if untreated.
- Regurgitation: A leaking valve that allows blood to flow backwards, making the heart less efficient and leading to symptoms like fatigue and shortness of breath.
- Atresia: A condition where the valve is improperly formed, obstructing blood flow. This congenital defect is usually diagnosed in infancy and requires surgical correction.
Valvular heart disease can affect any of the four heart valves, but the mitral and aortic valves are the most commonly impacted. The severity of the disease depends on the extent of the damage and how much it disrupts normal blood flow. Some cases may be mild and manageable with lifestyle changes, while others require medical intervention, including surgery.
In some cases, valvular heart disease develops gradually over years, while in others, it may occur suddenly due to an infection or other acute medical condition. Understanding the different types of valve disease helps in diagnosing and managing them effectively.
Why Does Valvular Heart Disease Happen?
Several factors can contribute to the development of valvular heart disease, including:
- Congenital heart defects: Some individuals are born with abnormally formed valves, leading to complications later in life. For example, a bicuspid aortic valve, where the valve has two leaflets instead of the normal three, increases the risk of stenosis or regurgitation.
- Ageing: Over time, calcium deposits can build up on the valves, leading to stiffening and narrowing (stenosis), particularly in the aortic valve. This is one of the most common causes of valve disease in older adults.
- Rheumatic fever: A complication of untreated streptococcal throat infection, rheumatic fever can cause long-term valve damage, particularly affecting the mitral valve. Though rare in developed countries due to antibiotics, it remains a concern in certain parts of the world.
- Infections: Endocarditis, an infection of the heart’s inner lining, can damage the valves, leading to serious complications. Bacteria from untreated dental infections or contaminated needles can enter the bloodstream and infect the heart valves.
- High blood pressure and heart disease: Conditions that strain the heart can lead to valve deterioration over time. Chronic high blood pressure increases stress on the valves, especially the aortic and mitral valves.
- Autoimmune diseases: Conditions such as lupus can cause inflammation and damage to heart valves. Rheumatoid arthritis has also been linked to increased risk of valvular abnormalities.
- Heart attack or cardiomyopathy: These conditions can weaken the heart muscles, affecting valve function. When the heart becomes enlarged or weakened, the valves may not close properly, leading to regurgitation.
- Radiation therapy: Individuals who have undergone radiation therapy for cancer, particularly in the chest area, may develop valvular heart disease as a late complication. Radiation exposure can lead to fibrosis and thickening of the valve leaflets.
Understanding the causes of VHD can help individuals take proactive measures to reduce risk factors and improve heart health.
What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Valvular Heart Disease?
Symptoms of VHD vary depending on the severity of the condition and which valve is affected. Some individuals may experience no symptoms at all, while others suffer from severe complications that interfere with daily life. One of the most common symptoms is shortness of breath, particularly during physical exertion or when lying down. This occurs due to fluid build-up in the lungs, making it difficult for the body to receive adequate oxygen.
Another prevalent symptom is chest pain or discomfort, often associated with aortic stenosis. When the aortic valve is narrowed, the heart must work harder to push blood through, leading to increased strain and pressure. This can cause a tight, squeezing sensation in the chest, particularly during physical activity.
Fatigue is also a frequent symptom, as reduced blood flow means the heart is not supplying enough oxygen-rich blood to the body. Everyday activities, such as walking or climbing stairs, may become exhausting, even for individuals who were previously active.
Some people with VHD may experience heart palpitations, which can feel like a rapid, irregular, or forceful heartbeat. These sensations often arise due to arrhythmias caused by the heart’s extra effort to compensate for valve dysfunction. In severe cases, dizziness or fainting may occur due to inadequate blood circulation to the brain, especially in conditions such as severe aortic stenosis.
Swelling in the legs, feet, or abdomen is another symptom, often linked to fluid retention caused by the heart’s inability to pump blood efficiently. This is a common sign of heart failure, which can develop if valvular heart disease is left untreated. Similarly, sudden, rapid weight gain may indicate fluid retention, further stressing the heart.
In more severe cases, individuals may notice a bluish tinge to their lips or skin, known as cyanosis. This occurs when oxygen levels in the blood are critically low, a condition that requires immediate medical attention.
If valvular heart disease progresses without intervention, it can lead to life-threatening complications, such as heart failure, stroke, or dangerous arrhythmias. Recognising these symptoms early and seeking medical evaluation is crucial in preventing long-term damage and ensuring timely treatment. At Northern Heart Hospital, we are with you every step of the way, from identifying the signs and symptoms to treatment and post-treatment care, ensuring the best possible outcomes for our patients.
How Can Valvular Heart Disease Be Prevented?
While some forms of VHD cannot be prevented, several strategies can reduce the risk of developing the condition or its complications.
Managing risk factors such as high blood pressure, diabetes, and high cholesterol is crucial. Uncontrolled hypertension can place excessive strain on the heart, accelerating valve deterioration. Maintaining a balanced diet low in salt and saturated fats, along with regular exercise, can help control these conditions and promote heart health.
Preventing infections is another key aspect of VHD prevention. Good oral hygiene, including regular brushing, flossing, and dental check-ups, helps reduce the risk of bacterial infections that can lead to endocarditis. Individuals with a history of valve disease may need antibiotics before dental procedures to prevent bacterial infections from entering the bloodstream.
Prompt treatment of streptococcal throat infections is essential to preventing rheumatic fever, a known cause of mitral valve disease. If a sore throat is accompanied by fever and swollen glands, seeking medical attention promptly and completing prescribed antibiotics can prevent complications that may lead to valve damage.
Making healthy lifestyle choices significantly lowers the risk of developing VHD. Quitting smoking is one of the most important steps in reducing cardiovascular strain, as tobacco use is a major contributor to heart disease. Limiting alcohol intake and avoiding recreational drug use also help prevent unnecessary stress on the heart valves.
Regular medical check-ups are invaluable for early detection of heart murmurs or valve abnormalities. Routine screenings such as echocardiograms can detect minor issues before they become severe. Early intervention can prevent complications and improve long-term outcomes.
Engaging in regular physical activity strengthens the heart and promotes better circulation. Exercises like walking, swimming, and cycling help maintain cardiovascular fitness without placing excessive strain on the heart. However, individuals with existing heart conditions should consult a doctor before starting any new exercise programme.
For those already diagnosed with heart conditions, adhering to prescribed treatment plans is critical. Following medication schedules, attending follow-up appointments, and implementing lifestyle modifications can slow the progression of valve disease and prevent complications. Patients with existing valve disorders should work closely with their healthcare providers to monitor and manage their condition effectively.
By incorporating these preventive measures into daily life, individuals can lower their risk of developing valvular heart disease or slow its progression, ultimately ensuring better long-term heart health.
Let Us Care for Your Heart at Northern Heart Hospital
Valvular Heart Disease is a serious but manageable condition with early detection and appropriate treatment. Understanding the causes, symptoms, and available treatment options can help individuals take proactive steps towards heart health. At Northern Heart Hospital, we are here to provide expert care and support every step of the way.
If you or a loved one is experiencing symptoms of valvular heart disease, do not hesitate to contact us. Our specialists are ready to help you achieve a healthier heart.